曝光：美国OSHA的工作场所十大安全违法
OSHA每年都会基于他们对企业处罚的种类进行统计并对社会发布年度十大企业被处罚的违规。
在2019年美国安全理事会大会和博览会上，OSHA发布了OSHA标准适用的所有行业违反行为最常被引用的十大标准的结果。2019年，OSHA在其前十大类别中发布了近2.7万份传票。
国家安全委员会主席兼首席执行官黛博拉·A·P·赫斯曼(Deborah A.P.Hersman)说：“了解工人是如何受伤的，对确保他们的安全大有裨益。”“OSHA十大名单列出了需要提高警惕的领域，以确保每个人每天都能安全回家。”
OSHA执法计划局副局长帕特里克·卡普斯特(Patrick Kapust)表示，这些年来，结果没有太大变化。虽然这可能感觉像是一张被打破的唱片一遍又一遍地播放，但对于雇主来说，这真的是一个机会，可以通过主动识别危险和培训员工安全工作来改变他们对工作场所安全的看法。
卡普斯特建议企业主和雇主在审查这份违规清单时采取简单的方法。“把清单拿出来，”卡普斯特说，“把你自己的工作场所从清单上去掉。“这些就是OSHA正在发现的东西。”他们会在我的工作场所找到这些吗？这是一个很好的起点。“
以下是2019年期间最常被引用的OSHA最高违规标准。这份清单每年都不会有太大的变化，而且这份清单总是包括建筑(1926年)和一般工业(1910年)标准。
与去年的榜单只有一个微小的不同。2018年排名第五的Lockout/Tagout攀升了一位，升至第四位，与呼吸保护交换位置。
1. 坠落保护1926.501
在过去的几年里，坠落保护一直是被引用最多的违规行为。坠落保护标准旨在防止坠落，根据统计，坠落仅占建筑业死亡人数的40%左右。不足为奇的是，大多数坠落事故都发生在住宅工作场所，那里几乎没有对防坠落要求进行监督。
为了防止坠落伤害和死亡，在需要高空作业时，雇主必须为工人提供护栏系统，安全网系统或个人防坠落系统，这一点至关重要。雇主除了提供适当的防坠落保护外，还应负责确保所有员工都接受有关如何正确使用防坠落的培训，并知道何时使用它。
OSHA制定了要求雇主为在不稳定表面或侧面和边缘没有保护的工作场所工作的工人提供防坠落保护的要求。雇主可以由胜任的人员提供防坠落培训，或者他们希望他们的工人在区域OSHA培训学院教育中心完成涵盖坠落危害和预防的施工培训课程。
跌落防护标准中最常被引用的部分包括：住宅建筑，未保护的侧面或边缘，屋面工程和包括天窗的地板孔。
2. 危害告知1910.1200
危害通报标准解决了工作场所产生或使用的化学危害。OSHA的危害通报标准与国际标准一致，但这仍然是被引用次数最多的OSHA违规第二名。大部分企业未正确执行危害通报规则，而且很显然，许多工人没有接受有关2013年生效的新标准的培训。
OSHA最常引用的危害通信标准部分包括hazcom计划的实施，有害物质培训以及开发和维护安全数据表的要求。
3. 脚手架1926.451
OSHA脚手架标准涵盖了脚手架的安全要求，应由合格人员设计并严格按照该设计进行构造。雇主必须保护所有使用脚手架的工人免于掉落和掉落的物体。此外，所有脚手架应由合格人员检查后，方可使用。受脚手架危害影响最大的工人包括负责框架，屋面，壁板和砌体的工人。
经常引用违反OSHA的脚手架标准部分包括坠落保护（包括护栏系统），使用横撑进行检修以及铺板/装饰。
4. 上锁挂牌1910.147
上锁/挂牌（LOTO）影响维修，修理和维护设备或机器的工人。如果操作中的设备突然通电或启动，则存在危险。
5. 呼吸防护1910.134
OSHA的呼吸防护标准指导雇主在工作场所建立和维护呼吸防护计划。本标准涵盖了呼吸防护的所有方面，包括程序，管理，选择，培训，适合性测试，评估，使用，清洁，维护和修理。雇主也应该熟悉OSHA自愿使用呼吸器防尘口罩的要求！
OSHA最常引用的《呼吸防护标准》部分包括医学评估，呼吸防护要求，适合性测试，未能建立必要的呼吸防护计划以及确定工作场所的呼吸危害。
6. 梯子1926.1053
7. 工业卡车1910.17
8. 坠落防护-训练要求1926.503
9. 机器防护1910.212
10. 眼睛和面部保护1926.102
卡普斯特说：“作为雇主，这份清单可以为您提供一个起点。” “您可以查看此列表，找出根本原因，进行分析并在伤害发生之前制止它。”
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Exposed: OSHA's Top 10 Workplace Safety Violations
At the National Safety Council 2019 Congress & Expo, OSHA released the results of the Top 10 standards most frequently cited for violations across all industries for which OSHA standards apply. OSHA issued nearly 27,000 citations in its Top 10 categories during 2019.
“Knowing how workers are hurt can go a long way toward keeping them safe,” said National Safety Council President and CEO Deborah A.P. Hersman. “The OSHA Top 10 list calls out areas that require increased vigilance to ensure everyone goes home safely each day.”
Deputy director of OSHA'S Directorate of Enforcement Programs, Patrick Kapust,
1. Fall Protection 1926.501
Fall Protection has been the number one most cited violation for the past several years. The fall protection standard is designed to prevent falls, which, according to statistics, account for just about 40 percent of deaths in the construction industry. Not surprisingly, most fall accidents happen on residential work sites where there is little oversight given to fall protection requirements.
To prevent fall injuries and fatalities, it is critical that employers supply their workers with guardrail systems, safety net systems or personal fall arrest systems when working at heights is required. In addition to just providing proper fall protection, the employer is also responsible for ensuring that all employees are trained on how to properly use fall protection and know when to use it.
2. Hazard Communication 1910.1200
The Hazard Communication standard addresses chemical hazards produced or used in the workplace. OSHA’s standard for hazard communication is in line with the international standard but this is still the #2 most cited OSHA violation.
3. Scaffolding 1926.451
The OSHA Scaffolding standard covers safety requirements for scaffolding, which should be designed by a qualified person and constructed exactly in accordance with that design. Employers are required to protect all workers that use scaffolding from falls and falling objects. In addition, all scaffolds should be inspected by a competent person before use by the workers. The workers affected the most by scaffolding hazards include those in charge of framing, roofing, siding, and masonry.
4. Lockout/Tag out 1910.147
Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) affects workers that service, repair and maintain equipment or machines. Hazards exist if the equipment being handled can suddenly become energized or started during work.
5. Respiratory Protection 1910.134
OSHA’s Respiratory Protection standard directs employers on establishing and maintaining a respiratory protection program in the workplace. All aspects of respiratory protection are covered in this standard including procedures, administration, selection, training, fit testing, evaluation, use, cleaning, maintenance and repair. Employers should be familiar with OSHA’s requirements for voluntary use of respirator dust masks too!.
6. Ladders 1926.1053
7. Powered Industrial Trucks 1910.178
8. Fall Protection - Training Requirements 1926.503
9. Machine Guarding 1910.212
10. Eye and Face Protection 1926.102
"As an employer, what this list can do is give you a place to start," Kapust says. "You can take a look at this list, identify root causes, perform analysis and stop an injury before it occurs."